Sunday, September 1, 2019
Art History Slide Notes
Venus of Willendorf from Willendorf, Austria 28,000 ââ¬â 25,000 BCE Limestone Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna Paleolithic ââ¬â representation of a woman ââ¬â female anatomy is exaggerated ââ¬â serves as a fertility image ââ¬â no facial features, just hair/hat ââ¬â freestanding sculpture Statuettes of 2 worshipers from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), Iraq 2700 BCE (early dynastic/Sumerian) Soft gypsum and inlaid with shell + black limestone Iraq Museum, Baghdad ââ¬â represent mortals praying ââ¬â tiny beakers were used in religious rites men wear belts + fringed skirts + have beard + shoulder-length hair ââ¬â women wear long robes ââ¬â heads tilt upwards with large open eyes ââ¬â not proportionate, eyes=too big and hands=too small Bull-headed lyre from tomb789 (Kingââ¬â¢s Grave), Royal Cemetery, Ur (Tell Muqayyar), Iraq 2600 BCE Bullââ¬â¢s head = gold leaf over a wooden core Hair, beard = lapis lazuli University of Pennsyl vania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia ââ¬â sound panel depicts a hero grasping animals that look human, serving at a banquet + playing music Spotted horse+ negative handprint rom Pech Merle, France 22,000 BCE (Paleolithic) Wall painting (cave) ââ¬â negative hand imprints ââ¬â horse in profile Hall of the Bulls from Lascaux, France 15,000 ââ¬â 13,000 BCE (Paleolithic) ââ¬â coloured and non-coloured silhouettes Wall painting of horses, rhinos, aurochs from Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-dââ¬â¢Arc, France 30,000 ââ¬â 28,000 BCE ââ¬â oldest cave paintings ââ¬â advanced features (overlapping animal horns) Bird Headed Man with Bison from Lascaux, France 15,000 ââ¬â 13,000 BCE Paleolithic ââ¬â depicts a possible hunting scene ââ¬â early example of a narrative Victory Stele of Naram-Sin from Susa, Iran 2254 ââ¬â 2218 BCE (Akkadian empire) Pink sandstone Louvre, Paris ââ¬â king defeats his enemies; one has spear through throat, one begs for mercy, one thrown off cliff ââ¬â 3 stars=3 gods ââ¬â hierarchy of scale is used to emphasize kingââ¬â¢s absolute power and influence; he is the focal point b/c he wears horned crown (signifies divinity) + larger + leads army (who look at him for guidance) up the mountain + in profile ââ¬â diagonal tiers, relief sculpture ââ¬â narrative Stele of Hammurabi from Susa, Iran 1780 BCE (Babylonian) Basalt Louvre, Paris ââ¬â top = relief of Hammurabi with sun-god, Shamash ââ¬â Hammurabi salutes Shamash, hand up and is able to rule as he is given permission from Shamash ââ¬â one of the first examples employing foreshortening (representation at an angle) e. g. Shamashââ¬â¢s beard = series of diagonal lines Palette of King Narmer (back) from Hierakonpolis, Egypt 3000 ââ¬â 2920 BCE (Predynastic) Slate Egyptian Museum, Cairo ââ¬â relief carving ââ¬â utilitarian object; carried eye makeup which was also used to protect eyes from sun ââ¬â circle stands for union of Upper + Lower Egypt King of Narmer = detailed, largest, calve muscles, directional lines lead up to him, wears a crown, has a beard, has an aggressive pose, holds a baton, has a bullââ¬â¢s tail, wears decorated kilt Horus ââ¬â Kingââ¬â¢s protector/falcon ââ¬â organized into registers very flat, linear Palette of King Narmer (front) ââ¬â 2 heads of a cow (top) with womanââ¬â¢s face = identified as goddess ââ¬â hieroglyphic represent Narmerââ¬â¢s name ââ¬â narrative art King Narmer combined Upper + Lower Egypt Khafre enthroned (Statue of Khafre) from Gizeh, Egypt 520 ââ¬â 2494 BCE (4th Dynasty) Old Kingdom Diorite ââ¬â hardest stone to sculpt Egyptian Museum, Cairo ââ¬â idealistic portrait ââ¬â carved for the pharaohââ¬â¢s valley temple and for the king to reside in, in case the mummy disintegrates ââ¬â king sits firmly/rigidly upright on throne (fused); bare-chested, detailed kilt, feet placed firmly on the ground, right hand fisted, false beard atta ched, royal linen nemes headdress with the uraeus cobra of kingship on the front, looking strong and young (regardless of age), calm, head tilted slightly upwards ââ¬â might have held omething important in his handââ¬âa symbol that shows Khafre=king ââ¬â throneââ¬â¢s legs show intertwined lotus and papyrus plants (which happen to be symbolic of the united Egypt) ââ¬â falcon sits on the back of his head with its wings around for protection. falcon=Horus ââ¬â perfectly symmetrical, flawless, well-developed, muscular body to show that he was a divine ruler ââ¬â statueââ¬â¢s function was to make sure it lasted for eternity, so no breakable parts Menkaure and Khamerernebty from Gizeh, Egypt 2490 ââ¬â 2472 BCE (4th Dynasty) Graywacke Museum of Fine Arts, Boston double-portrait, high-relief sculpture, contained sculpture ââ¬â she holds onto him, signifies that they are married ââ¬â carved for Menkaureââ¬â¢s valley temple ââ¬â Menkaure is rig idly frontal, his arms lie straight and close to his well-built body, has clenched fists, even with left foot forward body stays rigid, physique is idealistic, short beard ââ¬â Khamerernebtyââ¬â¢s right arm encircles the kingââ¬â¢s waist, left hand rests on his left arm, clothing is light to show female form ââ¬â both look out into space, not at each other ââ¬â function ââ¬â to show the timeless nature of the stone statue that was also designed to provide an eternal substitute home Nefertiti bust by Thutmose from Amarna, Egypt 1353 ââ¬â 1335 BCE (18th Dynasty) New Kingdom Painted limestone Agyptisches Museum, Berlin ââ¬â Nefertiti (Akhenatonââ¬â¢s wife) has expression of entranced musing + sensitivity + delicacy ââ¬â work, unfinished b/c of missing left pupil ââ¬â long curved neck balance long crown, broken right ear ââ¬â portrayed as elegant beauty, symmetrical ââ¬â found in Thutmoseââ¬â¢s workshop ââ¬â purpose? Thutmoseââ¬â¢s model Akhenaton, Nefertiti, 3 daughters from Amarna, Egypt 1353 ââ¬â 1335 BCE (18th Dynasty) New Kingdom Limestone Agyptisches Museum, Berlin ââ¬â sunken relief ââ¬â intimate family portrait = new, never been done before undulating curves replace rigid lines ââ¬â figures possess prominent bellies (characteristic of Amarna period) ââ¬â family bask in life-giving rays of the Sun (Aton, the sun disk) ââ¬â mood = informal, anecdotal ââ¬â Akhenaton lifts 1 daughter to kiss, one sits one Nefertitiââ¬â¢s lap who gestures toward father, youngest one reaches to touch pendant on motherââ¬â¢s crown ââ¬â flowing scarves suggest wind Innermost coffin of Tutankhamen, from his tomb from Thebes, Egypt 1323 BCE (18th Dynasty) New Kingdom Gold with inlay of enamel + semiprecious stone Egyptian Museum, Cairo ââ¬â tomb contained sculpture, furniture, jewelry ââ¬â mummy within the innermost of 3 coffins dressed in official regalia, nemes headdress, fake beard ââ¬â effects of mask and tomb treasures express power, pride, wealth ââ¬â innermost coffin ââ¬â gold, portrays pharaoh as Osiris (god of underworld/afterlife) Egyptians ââ¬â enjoyed life ââ¬â loved to eat + drink ââ¬â loved and embraced life ââ¬â believed afterlife = important ââ¬â evolved and made their gods (sun gods) ââ¬â left behind artworks to show that the kings were to exist eternally in the afterlife ââ¬â majority = farmers ââ¬â had intimate relati onships with Gods ââ¬â preserved bodies ââ¬â made solid tombs that preserved materials ââ¬â wore jewellery to look good, loved precious stones would never have bothered to live in Egypt if it werenââ¬â¢t for the Nile ââ¬â believed that they would have a straight narrow path like the Nile ââ¬â believed that people have spirit ââ¬â Middle kingdom disintegrated, Egyptians were invaded by the Hyksos (shepherd kings) with chariots + horses, but were later overthrown by Ahmose ââ¬â Ahmose = 1st king of the 18th Dynasty (first to call Pharaoh), ushered in the New Kingdom, in which borders were extended and new capital, Thebes (in Upper Egypt)became a luxurious metropolis with palaces, tombs, temples ââ¬â have ceremonial meal/feast/banquet at the deceased tomb 1/year ââ¬â purpose? Commune with deadFacts about Egypt ââ¬â houses = mud brick and were made to not last ââ¬â Nile river (longest river on Earth) floods 1 a year ââ¬â desert = sand, dry ââ¬â no rainfall for decades ââ¬â rich mud = good for growing plants ââ¬â ultimate god ââ¬â Re = is the Sun, creates dry land, ââ¬â ââ¬â creates life by ejaculating/spitting, creates gods of dryness/wetness ââ¬â only wealthy people could afford mummification between the Old and Middle kingdom, Egypt was in a state of civil unrest ââ¬â rock-cut tombs were characteristic and became popular during the middle kingdom, even replaced the mastaba as standard Egyptian tomb ââ¬â temples were built to honour pharaohs, gods ââ¬â long narrow passageways = characteristic of Egyptian temples (eg, Hatshepsut + Amen-Re) ââ¬â successful hunting = metaphor for triumphing over death + disorder, which ensured a happy existence in the afterlife ââ¬â King Tut ââ¬â died at 18 â⠬â NEW KINGDOM ââ¬â temple of Hatshepsut, Ramses, Amen-Re Old kingdom = pyramids Middle kingdom = rock-cut tombs New kingdom = temples Predynastic Period Early Dynastic Period Old Kingdom (3,4 dynasty) Middle Kingdom (11-14) New Kingdom (18,19)Old stone age (Paleolithic period) Sumerian (3500-2340 BCE) Akkadian (2340-2180 BCE) Babylonian (2125-1750 BCE) Mastaba ââ¬â an Egyptian tomb made of brick/stone that is rectangular in shape with sloping sides, featuring a chapel with a false door. Some included a serdab ââ¬â a small room that housed a statue of the deceased elonging to take into next world ââ¬â portrait sculpture ââ¬Å"he who keeps aliveâ⬠Slide exam ââ¬â Title, Artist, Date, Period, Medium. Be able to analyze style + significance, be able to compare MINOANS No big statues, no ideas that there were kings, built palaces on slopes, bull-leaping ceremonies, typical to have columns with cut stone bottoms, artists painted on wet plaster (fresco) which has the advantage of a picture staying on the wall, Minoans adored nature , 2 key elements Minoan art ââ¬â line and color. Unlike the Egyptians who painted in fresco secco (dry fresco), Minoans painted on a white lime plaster and used a true (wet) fresco. Volcanic eruption on Thera (Cyclades), 4. 12 big eyes, holds snake, skirt has folds, snakes didn't come from Crete, came from Asia Minor. Unlike Egypt, no temples/monumental statues of gods, kings, or monsters have been found in Minoan Crete, Minoan sculptures usually small in size, Proto geometric Geometric Oritentalizing Archaic Early classical High clausal Late classical Hellenistic
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