FAMILY LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

FAMILY LAW - Essay ExampleThe main setback identified in this area is due to the fact that the national criminal justice system does not flip over domesticatedated abuse or fury as criminal activities, and fails to provide adequate protection for women against such offences1.To conglomerate the misery, in that location is considerable bureaucratic apathy among the enforcement governance, such as the police, prosecutors and judges. These persons have been found to be backward to identify the causes of domestic strength. Therefore, the enforcement of laws against domestic violence has not been effective or constructive. Most law enforcing authorities do not view domestic violence as a serious criminal issue, and consider it to be a private problem. Their belief is that women have to deal with the problem of domestic violence and stupefy at a solution to it by themselves. Most women believe that the criminal justice system acts as a barrier to their seeking the courts interven tion to eliminate violence. Several international bodies claimed that domestic violence is a violation of human rights. They also demanded that human rights must be made applicable to domestic violence. Human rights treaties have to develop effective instruments to address the problem of domestic violence2.Activities such as physically hitting or slapping or a threat to cause harm to the victim or child of the victim, threatening to commit suicide or demeaning the victim verbally or physically, confining the victim in visiting his or her friends or family member would constitute crimes of domestic violence3.Domestic violence is distinct from other types of assault. It should be dealt with separately with a separate dedicated mechanism for handling of cases and there should be high levels of prosecutions and punishments. Only then will it be possible to eliminate domestic violence from the lives of women. The effects of domestic violence are much higher than that of physical assault s. Psychological damage is a very common

Glass Ceiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Glass Ceiling - Essay ExampleHaving men and women as in effect(p) partners will ameliorate organizational performance by diversifying communication and decision-making styles that can lead to enhanced circumspection processes and organizational outcomes.Male and female law pie-eyed partners have distinct communication styles that can improve how decisions are made in the company, which can go on collaboration and networking that, in turn, will consequently foster morale and firm performance. The American society continues to generally follow a gendered approach to parenting and educating children. Traditional institutions determine gender differences in values and expectations, where women are generally brought up to be empathetic and passive in communication and collaborative and seeking harmony when making decisions, while men are usually clever to be direct, aggressive, and competitive in communication and logical and rules-based in making decisions (Parcheta et al., 2013, p.244). Evans actually seems to balance manly and feminine communication and styles because the Associates Committee either sees her as too passive or too aggressive. each way, she brings in her own way of thinking, speaking, and interacting that can enrich how the firm manages the business and attracts clientele. If she is promoted, this will have a positive morale-boosting effect on female attorneys and encourage many of them to also aspire for partnership status. As they do so, these female lawyers will work harder and be more productive, thereby improving total firm performance.Aside from bringing in new communication style, having women as full partners can enhance decision-making in the company. Bear and Woolley (2011) mentioned the 2010 study of Woolley et al., where the latter found out that having women in groups increased collective intelligence because women boost social sensitivity, turn-taking, and empathy in group

Sir Francis Bacon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sir Francis Bacon - Essay ExampleBacons thoughts on science are closely associated with those of Galileo. A benefit of the earlyish Renaissance was the rediscovery of the writings of those living in antiquity. With the new reading of Galileo, Sir Francis Bacon rejected the melodic phrase of speculative reasoning that dominated the Middle Ages. Bacon believed that if you wanted to really know about something in nature, you needed to approach your education in a methodical manner, gathering real data that was observable and recordable. He states in his guard The Great Insaturation, There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth. The iodine flees from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms lawsThe other derives axioms from the senses and particulars. This is the true way but yet untried. Bacon believed that if you wanted to understand dirt or rocks, you would gather many different samples or specimens, study them and then let the facts o f your study form new ideas about the natural world. Bacon melded his ideas with those of Galileo, formalizing them into a general theory of inductive reasoning that became known as empiricism (McKay 1992). Empiricism is the backbone of the scientific method utilized by students and scientists universally in in advance(p) times. Sir Francis Bacon believed that this new approach to knowing and understanding the natural world would radically change societies. He believed unwaveringly that this new knowledge would give humans greater control over the natural elements .

Social science methods - entertainment location Essay

Social science methods - entertainment location - Essay ExampleThese matches were real scheduled to take place in India itself, but because of the ongoing election process in India it has been move to southeast Africa. All the teams participating in these matches are from India though all the teams must have a compulsory 4 overseas players apart from the Indian players. So South Africans were fortunate enough to discover all world cricket superstars in action at South Africa along with their players also.The South African peoples behaviour towards these matches was indifferent at times. I have seen in one of the matches in which the South African fast bowler, probably one of the fastest in the world today Dale Steyn, who is playing for Royal Challengers, Bangalore, murder for a six by former Australian player Mathew Hayden who is playing for Chennai Super Kings. Most of the South African spectators cheered for Hayden rather than Steyn on that occasion. On another occasion when S teyn uprooted the stumps of Hayden, they stood up and clapped for a long occlusive in appreciation of his performances.We can call it as a sporting gesture from the spectators, but in reality wondered me is that the same thing did not happened when earlier this year the Australians toured South Africa for some test matches. I suppose the 20-20 cricket match has changed the peoples attitude drastically.

Identification of the sources of finance available to a medium size Assignment

acknowledgement of the sources of finance available to a medium size business, - Assignment ExampleThe legal implication comes in handy in that if the business does not go into overdraft, then the bank cannot charge avocation. Overdrafts be due on demand, this could have a negative effect to the business in case of bankruptcy or where the business has no liquid cash to repay, posing a financial risk as well. A commitment fee is usually charged by the bank where a business wishes to increase its overdraft facility. No tax is charged. We can compare the opportunity cost of opting for overdrafts as compared to short condition loans, with short term loans, the business does not have to worry about the bank withdrawing an overdraft before it is in a smear to repay because there is an element of security which is not available with normal overdrafts.Trade creed is an interest free short term loan. If a business has a good relationship with its suppliers, this could be a viable choic e of finance. Raw materials may be purchased on credit with payment terms alter from between 30 to 90 days. In a menstruum where the general price of goods and services is escalating, acquire through credit keeps costs down. How a business operates its credit facility has a significant sour on credit scoring affecting its future accessibility to credit. Also, a companys credit rating could be worsened if the business delays in payments therefore making it difficult to obtain special trade credits bringing in a tangible financial risk. Trade credits are not subjected to tax.If a business wishes to borrow from a bank for only a short period of time to purchase items such as fixed assets, then that would be termed as taking a short term loan. The amount is given in full at the beginning of the period and is salaried in instalments. Term loans have legal implications that can be sited by the fact that the loans carry a facility letter setting out the terms of the

Discussion post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion post - Essay ExampleCommon symptoms of tart bronchitis include persistent cough which lasts for about 10 to 20 days which creates clear mucus. While for pneumonia includes lofty fever, chest pains, and shortness of breath. The acute bronchitis affects the lower respiratory packet while pneumonia affects the upper respiratory tract (US Department of Health & Human Services, 2011).I agree with Christopher Johnson on the need for the patient to find person to guide her through some positive lifestyle changes. The signs and symptoms by the patient indicate she is suffering from inveterate bronchitis. The recommendations made after diagnosis will help the patient to get well soon and succeed the sickness. I also agree the patient inescapably to be given lessons on antibiotics intake. The patient needs to be encouraged to take the flu and pneumonia vaccines (Cunha, 2014).I agree with Peng Anderson from the patients symptoms she has emphysema which is manifested by her hist ory of tobacco use and physical examination (WebMD, 2014). The patient needs to know the severity of the narrow and make changes. She needs to control her tobacco use in order to slow the progression of emphysema. I also agree a social worker would be of great help to the patient in locating and utilizing community

What can we learn from the communicative behaviours of aphasic Essay

What can we learn from the communicative behaviours of aphasic children and adults about the role of the soul in the acquisition, exertion and understanding - Essay Examplenguage is an indispensable part of human culture, without which jurisprudence, commerce, science and other human endeavors could not exist in the forms we know them. Because of this significance of speech in individual and societal lives, many interrogationers and scientists corroborate studied it and the various language rowdyisms in order to better understand the processes that inhibit or bear and reinforce its use.The brain is central to the scientific study of language as it is in the brain that language has evolved from mere monkey utterances into words and then coherent phrases and sentences (Deacon 1997). The increasing occurrences of language disorders have also make the brain the focus of language studies in order to ascertain what can be doneif in that respect is indeed something that can be donet o correct or cure these illnesses that debilitate the afflicted from run normally in society.This paper get out focus on a specific language disorder called Aphasia, as it is through the research and study of language disorders that most findings about the brain, in relation to language, are grounded on (Chudler 2007). Through the discussion of the ins and outs of this type of language disorder, the author aims to present an exposition of the role of the brain in the acquisition, production and understanding of language. For the clarification of the objective of this paper, it is important to note that the acquisition of language will pertain to the different regions in the brain that are designated to be language areas the production of language concerns Brocas Aphasia research and understanding is explained through Wernickes Aphasia.The complex structure of the brain and the vast range of its functions have long been a source of interest that has spawned an evolution of theorie s and scientific facts. Due to this, what is dubbed as the mysteries of the brain can no weeklong be characterized as wholly mysteriousthe neuroscientists have shed light

Ethical Vignette Paper 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Vignette melodic theme 1 - Coursework ExampleHowever, when a long-suffering is involved in a administration proceeding and the court requests for the information regarding the professional services that one received, such information would be disclosed without the comply of the long-suffering or a court order.The disclosure limit would be subjected to a number of laws like the confidentiality, and secrecy laws, conduct and ethical duties, but the juristic obligations have the transaction to warn following the care affair to others like in the case of negligence.The counselors should observe the professional and legal standards that are used in maintaining the privacy of the records, and the obligations of mandatory reporting. These mandatory obligations include reporting the neglect or abuse of children, or the adults that are vulnerable, the duty of protecting or warning the third party that is endangered by the patient, and the role of reporting the wrong or misc onduct of a different professional.The disclosure of information occurs only with the required consent or sound ethical or legal justification. In the process of counseling, the clients are informed of the cases where their confidentiality needs to be breached. The confidentiality of a patient is breached when there is a foreseeable and serious harm to the patient or legal requirements.2.3.4.1. Some exceptional cases may come up providing the counselor just about grounds to believe that some harm could happen to the client or some other persons. In this case, the patient will consent to the alterations in the agreement regarding the confidentiality, which should be sought unless there are some grounds to believe that the patient is not able or willing to assume the responsibility of her actions2.3.4.2. The disclosure of information needs to be constrained to the relevant information that is displayed to relevant persons for relevant reasons that

Operation management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Operation management - Research news report ExampleIt facilitates the setting of priorities, ensures that operations are maintained, assesses performance, involves the people, and ensures that the organization forecasts on the future (Sanyal 2012). An OMS acts as the framework that facilitates the executing of an organizations processes and procedures in order to ensure that an organization is capable of meeting its objectives sustainably. In the twenty-first century, many businesses have adopted an OMS that is geared towards ensuring that the business is able to generate stakeholder value. In this paper, a accent on the OMS developed by BP Company will be put into perspective together with a consideration of the potential areas that the caller can work on to improve the OMS.BP plc is one of the largest multinational companies in the energy sector in the world today. It deals with inunct, screw up, petrochemicals, and renewables. In order to execute its global objectives, BP ha d developed an OMS. The gild has integrated functionality in the industry having operations in the exploration and production of oil colour, oil refining, distribution of petroleum products, renewable energy production, trading, generation of power and petrochemicals. Dealing with petroleum and its affiliate products is a lucrative only precarious business (Portougal & Janczewski 1998). In the past, BP has spent heavily due to unprecedented occurrences such as oil spills. The company lost its oil besides having to pay huge fines in the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. To hold such occurrences, the company has developed an OMS that is geared towards dealing with its operations in a manner that promotes sustainability and efficiency. The companys OMS has been very influential towards the milestones that have been made so far by the company.BP has a bring in strategy that it endeavors to accomplish. This is captured in the companys goal that is to be a focused oil and gas company that delivers value over volume (BP Website

Managing Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Managing Diversity - Essay ExampleDiversity in an organization or the establish shopping center can only be practiced or appreciated by recognizing the occurrence that discrimination can create a serious disadvantage to a particular group of employees or make waterers while at the same time bestowing privilege on others. Managing diversity in a place of work or organization increases the productivity of the employees in that particular organization. Managing diversity at the place of work or organization is important as it creates and maintains a conducive work environment, which incorporates both differences and similarities of the employees. Several studies and seek have confirmed that managing diversity at the work place or organization results into increased dedication and satisfaction by employees or workers in their duties thus leading to an increase in returns. Managing diversity in the organization whitethorn involve the proper balance of gender in that persons of diff erent sexes are allowed to transact similar duties or functions. This is aimed at bringing a positive work environment through the incorporation of both gender is incorporated as it brings into consideration the value of both similarities and differences of employees. This makes each and every employee or worker realize their potential thus maximizing the overall contribution they make in lodge for the company to increase productivity and achieve its goals and objectives. Discrimination based on the gender of an employee continues in nigh organizations, for example in some organizations women are and feel discriminated against at all levels of their employment (Gregory, 2003). There is thus need to diversify the roles each gender plays at the work place or organization. Managing diversity at the work place therefore entails the respect and acceptance of employees of both sexes as equal partners in the work place through the recognition of the employees and their uniquely acquir ed skills. This would include overcoming barriers or stereotypes that hinder the participation of some wad in some duties in the organization. For example, the belief that that women are not good in industrial or technical jobs can be done away in order to accord everyone an equal fortune at the work place. Successful management of diversity of employees in the work place or an grounding has a contribute effect in improving the get alongance of all employees in the organization. Extensive research has shown that management of diversity by incorporation of both men and women in the work place has direct impact in the results achieved as a heterogeneous team that composed of both men and women perform better at the work place as compared to teams made up of only men or women (Barbara, 1988). Organizational Strategies and Policies Cox and Blake (1991) have argued that having an organization with a diverse work force results into decisions that are better, germinal and innovative w hile at the same time resulting into a flexible organization that appreciates divergent thinking. It may also make the organization attract and retain the best talents thus ensuring a greater power in marketing. These can

Behaviorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Behaviorism - Essay ExamplePrinciples of behaviorism should be part of every elementary classroom (Monchinski, 2008). Although not all setivities or ideas are behaviorist in nature, it will service to incorporate behaviorism in some parts of the lesson. The reason behind this is that students in grade aim are not yet mature and they necessity guidance in order to learn square-toed behavior and skills. Activating prior knowledge, providing models for activities, and giving rewards are some ways to incorporate behaviorism in the given lesson. Incorporating behaviorism into the lesson plan serves the instructor in three ways. First, by activating prior knowledge, the teacher will have the chance to check students understanding of the previous lesson. Likewise, by doing such, the students will feel the need to review onetime(prenominal) lessons, thus reinforcing good study habits among students. They will be inclined to think that past lessons should not be taken for granted thus taking down notes, reviewing them, and even memorizing will jockstrap them get a better grade. Moreover, activating prior knowledge will make students see the attach between the previous and the current lesson (Monchinski, 2008). Using principles of behaviorism, the teacher also provides model for learning a impudent skill. In the given lesson, students will be taught directly how to work on the thesis statement and subsections of the speech. This travail could guide students to perform the task appropriately and produce the pass judgment output. Also, telling students what to do or what is expected to happen prior to performing the activity could lead them to write the best speech. The key is to condition learners to act as expected.Modeling and direct instruction also serve to promote positive behavior among students.

Evocative Object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evocative Object - Essay ExampleICT refers to technologies that cover passage of information through tele dialogues. The effects of information and conversation technologies reflect on how humans do things in present day life as compared to how they exercised to in the agrarian economy. The information and communication technologies affect heterogeneous human fields including health, education, tempers of transport, communication, agriculture, governance, security, entertainment, sports, industrialization, and others (Seyler 1). The advancement of information and communication technologies is a continuous forge that becomes complex and more effective every day. Nevertheless, these advancements equally have negative effects on the milieu where they lead to pollution and security where they promote terrorism. Moreover, they come at a price. However, in most cases the constitutive(a) benefits of information and communication technologies are more than the costs accrued. Actually , the benefits of information and communication technologies depend on the mode of application, the gadget itself, government policies, and other external factors. Some of the most common and advanced information and communication technologies include cell environs and computers (Seyler 21). Indeed, there are different versions of computers and cell hollos with variant applications that continue to flood the planetary market. Personally, I have had experiences with technology in many cases in my course of life. However, this paper ordain illustrate my experience with a cell phone as a form of information and communication technologies. It will equally relate my experience to the society in the context of its technological application. The use of cell phones is increment in the modern world due to the friendly, effective, and advanced applications they contain. Its use varies from different personalities including students, business personalities, doctors, service men, pilots, engineers, and the command society (Seyler 26). As a student, I have various uses of my cell phone both lodge school and outside school. Indeed, in my very first day in college, I was new in town had a vague idea on where my school is. As such, it was physically impossible to introduction my school on the registration day. However, iPhone had a GPRS and could thus access Google maps application forming a trusted kickoff of direction. There with just a click on my phones keyboard the goggle maps directed me on the shortest direction from the drome to the school free of charge. This application was so beneficial that my mother actually had to buy an iPhone on her mien from work. Again, while at school I have used my cell phone in various significant roles. Indeed, I still remember the day that my friend had an accident along the highway furthermost from town. I used my cell phone again to take pictures of the accident using the video fipple flute and call the police and the am bulance at the scene of the accident. This saved the life of my friend, reduced traffic snarl at the highway, and ensured timely notification to the authorities. Indeed, I equally used the cell phone to inform my friends parents of the accident. Back in school, I use my cell phone in different studies and research. Since my cell phone can access the internet and has a capacity to download and store online information, I frequently use it to further my education. Actually, I use my phone to access emails from my tutors, download assignments, find research materials, and forward my assignments. I do this by connecting my phone to my computer at home using a cable and later use my phone as a modem through tethering. This makes my studying more effective and convenient. In addition, my phone has a calculator that is very relevant in doing calculations at school. Indeed, I use my

MicroL4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MicroL4 - Essay ExampleHigher education has prove to be beneficial in voting matters also. Education is an asset. It has provided benefits like self awareness, ability to think wisely and critic every(prenominal)y, having the ability to meet different people, which are less tangible and will help a nestling to grow up being a better individual. However, there are certain costs that view as to be incurred for going to college. The opportunity costs of going to college include several comp cardinalnts. First, the opportunity cost of star going to college includes the money that he or she would have earned preferably of attending classes. It also includes the derive of wages that were foregone by not doing work and just attending college. In opting for going to college, one has also lost the opportunity to build up a career and the associated income that could be earned instead of not going to college. The greatest opportunity cost of going to college is the wage income that the i ndividual has to forgone for attending classes. 2. The allowance account is considered to be a very significant opinion in the area of business and political economy. In economics the concept of permissiveness is related to a wide range of topics including utility, revenue, costs, profit, product, etc. We are quite familiar with the terms of peripheral utility, marginal revenue, marginal costs, marginal profit, marginal product and so on. The term margin principally stands for the difference in the value of a variable when one additional unit of several(prenominal) other variable is used. For example, marginal utility of a product refers to the increase or decrease in total utility of an individual due to one unit increase in the consumption of the product. The concept of margin is very essential in economic decision making. The level of p of goods, the level of drudgery of goods, etc are al meanss determined by considering marginal compulsion. For example, a firm is a profi t maximizer in the sense it will always produce a commodity in such a way that its profit is maximized. In a perfectly matched market place, the firm will maximize its profit when marginal costs will b equal to its marginal revenue. The firm will continue to increase its business until marginal revenue becomes equal to its marginal cost. The point of equality is considered to be the equilibrium point of the firm. and so the concept of margin is very burning(prenominal) in economic decision making. Without the consideration of margin requirement it is not possible to conduct economic activities in optimum ways. However, it is not always necessary that all kinds of economic decisions are taken using the marginal concept only. For example, in a perfectly competitive market the break even point of a firm is not determined by whatsoever marginal concept. The break even point is relevant in short run production. This point mainly refers to the point of shutting down of production. A firm in a perfectly competitive market will shut down or stop production in short run when its clean variable costs become greater than its average revenue, i.e. its average revenue even fail to grapple the firms average variable costs. Thus the concept of average is important in pickings shut down decision. 3. There has been a huge debate over the revenue cut form _or_ system of government by bush administration in 2001 and 2003. Bush tax cuts mainly refer to two important tax policies created and implemented during the Presidential era of George W. Bush. Through these policies, the Bush administration mainly lowered tax rates in the United States. These tax policies effectively lowered marginal tax rates for close to all

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islam - Essay ExampleIslam is not just a theology in fact, it is a complete way of life which teaches Muslims peace, mercy and forgiveness (Mawdudi 1975). Islam is a relatively advanced religion as compared to the other religions of the world. Muslims believe that the blessed Prophet was the last prophet and there were some(prenominal) before him starting from Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and many more. The Holy Prophet was born in Makah and became the prophet at the age of 40. He was a pious man who had to face many persecutions in order to spread the word of god. He faced persecutions because Islam taught equality amongst all and muckle of Makah were not willing to accept that. During his life, he propagated Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. He led his life by example. Todays Muslims try to go afterward the footsteps of the Holy Prophet, which is called the Sunnah. They try to live their lives like him in order succeed in the world hereafter. hadith, t he sayings of the Holy Prophet, also provide Muslims with guidance for how to go about different endeavors. Religions are dogmatic in reputation and Islam provides a complete guideline for how to go about our lives in the form of the Holy Quran, Sunnah and Hadith (Understanding Islam and Muslims, 2012). Muslims believe that the Holy Quran is the word of the Almighty Allah himself. ... plete code of life as instructed by Allah and serves as an authentic guideline to Muslims when in need of guidance for economic system, justice system, and proper human birth therefore, Muslims hold the Holy Quran in the highest regard. Since its very beginning, Islam was at the gateways of European countries. Merely 12 decades after the fatalities of the prophet Muhammad, Muslims spread out in Armenia, Atlanta, Georgia, Dagestan and elsewhere, such as places of the Byzantine Kingdom. 12 decades later, they were in the easterly places of this particular language (Arabic) and in almost all the places of the Mediterranean Sea from the region of the island of Malta to Sicily, Majorca and Rhodes. Extensive places in South Eastern European countries came under Islamic concept for over 500 decades, finishing provided at the starting of the twentieth century (Europe and Islam Shared History, Shared Identity, 2006). According to history, Muslim scholars have contributions in fields of psychology, philosophy, ethics, education, mathematics, chemistry and humanities. Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.) is a renowned scholar in the history of Islam. He made big contributions in the field of medicine and was a known philosopher. His contribution is of a great value to the people of the religion and is compared to that of another scholar named Ibn Sina. Al- Razi was known to have written many books in the field of medicine which includedKitab al- Mansoori,Kitab al-Mulookiand others. Kitab al-Mansoori was a book which was translated in Latin and mostly revolved around th e subject of Greco- Arab medicine. (Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Al-Razi, 2012). some other famous scholar known as Ibn Sina was born in 980 A.D. He was also known to be a great scholar for the

Assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

5 - Assignment Example All organizations read to realize the important of human resources and the value they give to the debauched via their services. Human resource functions are captious for all companies regardless of their niche or size. The employees of the organization are the main resources that execute the objectives of the firm. However, while background know guidege a human resource unit, an organization should look at the service composition of the department. These may include payroll and tax administration, legal compliance, liability protection, negotiation of benefits, administration of benefits, acquisition of talent, hiring employees, managing performance, leadership training, attendance and epoch monitoring, employee development, and guidance and review on termination. All these specific functions of human resource roll in the hayment need to be performed in a systematic mode so that all needs of the employees are catered by the firm in a successful manner. P erforming human resource management functions successfully will leave organizations to gain a strong competitive edge in the business market place. According to a 2010 content by the Human Resource Professionals Association (HRPA), chief executives believe that their human resource departments are of import components of their businesses (3). Regarding performance, the study documented that senior HR is as essential as any other organisational pillar of a company. Fifty per cent of chief executives in the study had led their companies through huge growth from 2008 to 2010. The other half had been leaders of companies that went through severe economic challenges during the same period that led to downsizing. In the two cases, the HR department contributed signifi female genitaliatly to the management of effective work levels. This was crucial for the resiliency of the organizations during the time of turbulence (The Role and upcoming of HR). The chief executives of the compani es that experienced growth, acknowledged the importance of HR in attracting talent. The ones from companies that downsized were of the opinion that the most critical contribution of HR was in ensuring that the communication with employees remained transparent during the intemperate times. They also helped in retaining the best talent. Retaining talented employees is crucial for long term success as market is becoming competitive with every passing day. From the study, it is clear that the HR department is a business better half that has the ability to see a company through moments of great success and economic threats alike. Consequently, a faltering HR department would help bring a company to an early demise (The Role and Future of HR). Therefore, it is important for all organizations to ensure that they nominate a competitive HR department to manage their human resources. How Poor, Neglected Operations Is in Fact the Ugly Duckling That Can Mature Into A disgorge Many MBA grad uates avoid working in the operations departments of organizations because they hold these areas with a low opinion. The fresh MBAs have in mind that these jobs are done by low qualified people and hence they do not accept such offers. Most companies are out to improve their operations to attract more than talent because without operations businesses cannot exist. The second part of this paper provides information on how a company can improve its operations. Over the past five years, most companies have experienced a slump in their growth. At the same time, the costs of sales and marketing have been increasing.

Feminine Mystique for American society in 1960 Essay

Feminine Mystique for American society in 1960 - Essay ExampleFeminine Mystique for American society in 1960Feminine Mystique had helped the women to express their irritations and dissatisfactions that have pursue them and with which they have dealt all alone. The spark was ignited by work of Betty Friedan in Feminine Mystique. The publication of much(prenominal) a work became the driving factor of forcing women to think about her own independent flavorstyle. They appeared to be content, just now a sort of irritation and dissatisfaction was growing within them. They were simply afraid to end up their life totally in this fashion with no recreation. A true feminist at that time was never supposed to demand for a successful working career or financial independence. The deep heathenish changes were dragging women to workplaces and there they also ended up with dissatisfaction witnessing huge gender discrimination and more bear for male employees (unequal remuneration). Several pr otests led to social reforms in America after that. Keeping this at the backdrop, the try on addresses the wave of change that stirred the American society in 1960s with publication of Feminine Mystique, which created a national debate about womens roles and over time acknowledged as one of the solid works of the current womens movement.Interviews and surveys of contemporaries have been conducted by reputed organizations to find out the life of American women during 1960 i.e. post World War II. The Gallup organization had conducted 18,000 interviews of mainly divorced and aged women all hailing from 1960s.The respondents were mainly in their mid thirties with just basic education. Most of them were having a child or two and were get it on homemakers during 1960s. These women were those who had witnessed World War II and got married some years post war. Stephaine Coontzs opinions about women of 1960 has been captured in her remarks, To modern generations these womens lives seem a s outmoded as the white gloves and pert hats they wore when they left the protection of their homes (Coontz, xii). much(prenominal) remarks give an idea of women during the mid 20th century. It also emphasizes the value and credibility of their lives when viewed from the perspective of modern society. Women then were seen only as taking care of their husbands and parents. She had to do all the household chores hardly getting any time for herself. In one part of The Help the author Kathryn Stockett describes Leefolt saying Twenty one-third years old and she lanky as a fourteen year old boy. Even her haircloth is thin, brown and see through (Stockett, 1). The author shows a contrasting feature compared to Feminine Mystique where some women in society had no time for baby care and left them in care of early(a) women. Those other women did the job with utmost devotion irrespective of their physical and mental state. But the approach of both the works has been quite different altho ugh they deal with a similar issue. Feminine Mystique talks about the life of women in general during mid 20th century. But in The Help the author has narrated a story where a woman goes on to take care of anothers child after losing her own son. The American society of that time has been depicted therein. Child bearing also came at an early age as women began to get engaged right after high school. The marriage age of 20 had dropped to 17 (Freidan, 58). Such an early marriage affected the

Developing Information Essay Example for Free

Developing Information EssayI chose to put a re altogethery limited amount of information on my front page because I wanted to attract the registerers forethought simply. I placed Oxfams logo on the front page, because I knew that as soon as state saw the logo they would know which charity my flocker was for. I sp exhibit out my chart all over one page because I thought the statistics needed a lot of space to be seen clearly. My textbook is fairly well spread out. I dont want to put too more(prenominal) than text on one page because I am aiming my leaflet at teenagers and if there is too ofttimes text on one page they willing lose interest and not bother to read my leaflet.My page orientation was landscape because that is how leaflets are usually set out and I wanted my leaflet to be just like any other leaflet about a charity. My paragraphs are nobble with a fairly large font because I was afraid that if I put too much text in a runty font my arse hearing would n ot bother to read it. My centre columns in the middle are 10mm apart. This will allow large room when I fold my leaflet in half and it will make the text in the leaflet seem more logically spaced out, and not bunched up at the sides.I put in sub purpose to make it easier for people to find what they are looking for in my leaflet. I also changed the colour of my subheadings to putting green so that it booths out from the body text and matches the colour of the Oxfam logo. All of my margins are 20mm. This is a good chassis because I know that the printer wont print any of my work if it is in a 15mm margin or less. I chose an project of a light poem about poverty. The late Mother Teresa wrote it and it rightfully made me think about the poor people in the knowledge base and what we can do to encourage them.Hopefully this image will have the same effect on my target audience. I chose an image of smiling children to show people what the poor children could look like with their help. I think that my leaflet will be suitable to my target audience because I have used only a small amount of text, but it gets straight to the point. So even if my target audience does have an incredibly short attention span, they should be able to read my leaflet with ease. The images are bright and eye catching. I was sooner pleased with the outcome of my end leaflet but then thought of ways to change to so this is what I didLeaflet 2 I think my second leaflet is better than the first because I broke up the text a bit more to make it look more challenge and to make it easier to read. I also changed the font to a more attractive font. I hypertrophied the enactment because I thought the picture had true meaning to what the charity was all about. I also enlarged the nexus numbers and addresses on the indorse page because it will hopefully entice people to contact the charity and find out any extra information they need to know about donating or any queries they may have.I re duced the size of my statistics chart to make more room to buy the farm around my text. The chart is still easy to read. So it still fulfils its purpose in making the audience realise just how many people are living in poverty in our world today. I did not see the need to change the page orientation because my leaflet is supposed to be produced landscape. I didnt change the size of my centre columns or margins, because I thought that the present ones were suitable. I left hand my subheadings in the same green colour because I thought it was good idea to make them stand out.I left the image of the smiling children on the back page because I thought it was a pleasant way to end the leaflet. Leaflet 3 I decided that I didnt have enough information on my leaflet so I changed it again. I left my front page and back page because I thought they were suitable for my target audience. I entered another paragraph of derived text from my paper-based resource. I added more subheadings so that my audience would know what they were reading about and to make the leaflet more consistent. I had to change the font size from 14 to 13 and I changed my text to normal instead of italic.I think this leaflet looks the most appealing and has the most information so I am passing play to choose it for my final idea. I also decided to change the front page of my leaflet because I thought it looked a little plain and might not entice my audience to pick it up and read it. I added another image to make the front cover look more arouse and to attract my audiences attention. Leaflet choice I am going to choose leaflet 3 because I think it has the most information and the most relevant size font and graphics. It is the most suited to my target audience and I think it looks the most appealing.

Economic Analysis of Crop Diversification Essay Example for Free

Economic Analysis of domesticate Diversification EssayThere is a dramatic intensify in the earning, spending and saving pattern of the people of India in the impale reform (economic) period that is post 1991. During this period, income generating mechanism in this country chthonicwent massive changes. With a sustained economic adoptth, rising per capita income along with an always increasing population, the dietary pattern in India is as head changing actually fast. The Indian food handbasket is diversifying in favour of high c ar for food commodities like fruits, vegetables, dairy products, poultry products and fish products from fasten food such as rice, wheat and coarse cereals. This raises a dispute to Indian agriculture. On the opposite hand the modern agriculture dominated by chemical and irrigation intensive resurrecting system has not only raised productivity but simultaneously has also resulted in soil erosion, water contamination, pesticides poisoning, com monwealth degradation by means of water logging and soil salinity, depletion of bio-diversity, etc., forcing sodbusters to apply ever-increasing doses of fertilisers and to make water supply on tap(predicate) on a continuous basis, in order to maintain the productivity levels.This again raises another challenge to Indian agriculture. It may not be wondering if we assume that organic husbandry system may generate such situation to address both the challenges mentioned above. This paper is concerned with an analysis of civilize variegation under organic and inorganic factory stir in West Bengal. Crop diversification is different from the fantasy of multiple cropping or succession planting over the growing seasons. Moreover, it implies the use of environmental and human resources to grow a mix of crops with complementary marketing opportunities. Thus, it implies a shifting of resources from low take account crops to high value crops such as fruits, vegetables, etc. The concep t of crop diversification in globalized market of agricultural upraise refers to increase the total crop productivity in terms of quality, quantity and monetary value under different specific agro-climatic situations across the world.There are devil approaches to crop diversification in agriculture. counterbalance is horizontal diversification, which is the primary approach to crop diversification in production agriculture. The approach takes place through crop intensification by adding new high-value crops to existing cropping systems. Thus, the approach facilitates the improvement of overall productivity of a farm or farming economy of a region. The second approach is the vertical diversification.Under this approach, farmers and others add value to products through processing, regional branding, packaging, merchandising or other efforts to enhance the farm-product. The opportunities for crop diversification may set out depending on risks, opportunities and the feasibility of p roposed changes within a socio-economic and agro-economic context. However, crop diversification through substitution of one crop or mixed cropping / inter-cropping may be a useful tool to extenuate problems associated with aberrant live to some extent, especially in the arid and semi-arid drought-prone / dry land areas.Impact of crop diversificationCrop diversification is intended to practice of growing more than one crop (or enterprise) in any stratum to increase financial and biological stability of the farm. In the agricultural context, diversification can be regarded as the re-allocation of some of a farms productive resources, such as land, capital, farm equipment and paid force, into new activities. These can be new crops or livestock products, value-adding activities, provision of services to other farmers, etc. On the other hand, diversification of agriculture refers to the shift from the regional dominance of one crop to regional production of a reckon of crops, to me et ever increasing demand for cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, etc. It aims to improve soil health and a driving equilibrium of the agro-ecosystem. Crop diversification takes into account the economic returns from different value-added crops. Crop diversification can ruin tolerate the ups and downs in the market value of farm products and may ensure economic stability for farming families of the state.The adverse effects of aberrant weather, such as erratic and scanty rainfall and drought are very common in a vast area in agricultural production of the state. Incidents of rising tide in one part and drought in the other part are a very frequent phenomenon in the state. Under these aberrant weather situations, dependence on one or two major cereals (rice, wheat, etc.) is always risky. Diversification in agriculture has tremendous impact on the agro-socio-economic condition and shake up resource-poor farming communities. It generates income and employment for rura l youth year round for the ultimate benefits of the farmers in the state. It implies the use of local anaesthetic resources in a larger mix of diverse cropping systems and livestock, aquaculture and other non-farm sectors in the rural areas.Problem parameterThe yield as well as farm income is the essential part for crop diversification for the farmer of an agricultural based economy like West Bengal. Normally, the farmers diversify farm enterprises to meet the cash requirements of the family and to mitigate risk associated with mono-cropping, depending on conventional wisdom over the years. The crop diversification in the state is also considered with greater emphasis from the view point to price response, market infrastructure, availability of resources and public interventions (price and credit policies of farming business, research and development in farming activities, etc.) in agriculture.The judicious crop mix has facilitated increased farm incomes. It has also contribution towards the utilization of under employed resources to mitigate seasonal and under unemployment of rural labour force. The crop diversification has also helped to reduce risks and uncertainties in crops yields due to climatic and biological vagaries. Thus the conduct was conducted to analyze the extent of crop diversification at different levels of farm size as well as crop growing seasons in West Bengal for both inorganic and organic farming systems, ordinarily followed by the farmers in the state.

Globalization and its Effects Essay Example for Free

Globalization and its Effects EssayResearch revelations in (Lardy, 2002, pp. 87-103) hold it that those countries which embraced orbicularization experienced an average of 5% festering, while those that shunned the concept experienced varied degrees of decline. Regardless of its positive impacts, Globalization if mishandled in one substance or a nonher can spell doom to a nation this is overdue to the major powerful economic vulnerable position that it puts a surface area on. As the providence grows, and worldwide boarders linked, so does the non-traditional threats of terrorism, heightened rate of the spread of infectious diseases (SARS and HIV/AIDS) and other cross-boarder security issues. Globalization is an irreversible melt and both nation has just to content with its effects, there is no short cut step up of it the best way to approach it therefore is to counter its effects and procedure them to the advantage of a national economy. Upon realizing this fact, the Chinese organisation went down into reconfiguring their economy to counter any negative outcome of globalisation, for typeface, it has affected reforms in the domestic banking and created delicacy in defining international trade to at least protect Chinese interests (Susumu, 1999, p. ). Since globalization rolls the consentaneous world into a single tiny village, the Chinese political big wigs have seen it necessary to control the diverse effects that have in the past been not prioritized at either analogous unregulated capital flows, cybercrime, epidemics, weapon proliferation and international terrorism. Top seed Chinese thinkers even believe that by dint of the international institutions, globalization can be used to democratize the United States and reduce their unilateralist political power.And if this concept is utilise well, chinaware forget grow into a rich and powerful nation, stable enough to shape the sensitive World Order (Susumu, 1999, pp. 5-11). The Chines e economy stands to gain a lot in the current global direction that the nation is set on. With the current financial crisis, it does c each(prenominal) for active international coordination to stay undirected and reduce incidences of worker lay offs. It provide have mutual benefits for those who hardiness to fully participate in its drive.By getting to know the measures that other countries have put in place to counter bristled effects, China has found a compromise point and forge a way for harbor through the current economic hard times. If the nation fine tunes its capital market and effects banking reforms, then it depart help the world emerge out of the current economic crisis and even those of the future (http//www. unu. edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu11ee/uu11ee0p. htm). Globalization has helped China to gain a significant economic growth through breaking cultural bondage and establishing policies that breaking wind to liberalization in this modern world.With the positivity tha t the nation has had on globalization, their current economic ranking rose wine to 7th from 32nd in the world, thanks to the integration with the world economy. The growth is attributed to increased corporate brass and human resource optimization. The positive effects of globalization as given in (Lardy, 2002, pp. 160-219) to the Chinese economy therefore include strengthening interdependence in all nations, opening opportunities to bring into maximum use foreign capital and technology, promoting free trade that increase export trade.Lardy also gives highlights of the negative impacts presented by globalization, which he says are the following, but not limited to difficulties in maintaining economic sovereignty especially for the developing nations and sidetrack the rifts between the well industrialized economies and the marginalized ones. Globalization brings into play varied practices hence leading to cultural variety up this is worse in a society which values originality like the Chinese. Besides these, it also results to an step up competition for limited resources and higher scale of interdependence.To this effect, each and every(prenominal) person must acquire a way of coping up with the new development and adapt the new practices in the competitive environment. tralatitious practices are most likely to be dropped in favor of new rules as individuals cooperate and form with one another. To the Chinese government, they are currently down on what can be referred to as arrangement maintenance. The nation has sought to have a stable relationship with its allies and foes a like as it feels that is the only way to rise above all the odds in the international system.To this effect, it has amend the level of democracy, which has in turn boosted its relationship with former foes like Germany, Russia, E. U and France (Susumu, 1999, pp. 11-15). Such a move go away help China to actively participate in multinational institutions and transnational economic structures which get out put it in a good position to counter future financial challenges with ease. For whichever government in place, it must get through to establish significant policies that can speed up development in all sectors of the economy.Even though globalization can cause a lot of hardships to the poor, it also opens opportunities to this group of individuals who dare to take advantage and turn the ills to their benefit. Poor people in this context refer to the recipients of public services, saucer-eyed workers and those who frequently use common property resources to survive. With increased competition, the poor may find it hard to stir high quality market standards hence falling out f business as proceeds cost shoots or as the market price fluctuates.Social protection is therefore mandatory to be effected by every state that intends to go the global way, and China is not left out (Bardhan, 2004, pp. 271-278). Globalization affects poverty directly and indirectly , the government in place should get down on programs for instance investing on public facilities like health, education, training and other economic and social infrastructure that will cushion the public from the negative effects of globalization.These steps will go along way in reducing discrimination and market fragmentation in the society. Whilst the quality of life of many people will change for the better, some individuals will definitely lose it out. Globalization will present opportunities for everyone to grab and those who ease on the idea and strive to maintain the status quo will be on the losing end. Resources drawn from every corner of the world will be made available the same applies to technological advancement which makes things to be done very much faster and easier. notwithstanding one negative outcome of this is that the introduction of too much mechanization from the outside world will drive people out of employment as companies strive to achieve efficiency and reduce the production cost. But despite the negative effects, if properly affected, globalization stands a chance in ensuring that the nationals have a quality life worth living (Bardhan, 2004, p. 284). The advent of globalization presented so much challenge to the CCP (China Communist Party). People were getting more and more enlightened, especially with issues concerning their obliging rights.Revolutions and a little bit isolated cases of political disability were therefore unavoidable and characterized the period. Labor standards became a thorny issue, as workers pushed to have their conditions be the same as those in the U. S. when labor barriers were eliminated production operations shifted directions to the U. S. The strain was not only felt in the labor market, the same was witnessed in the education, political, social and passe-partout sectors which responded to accommodate the changes.All these under the CCP had to be addressed as they developed a force which postulate political direction (Ding Lu, 2003, pp. 23-37). But all these moves were out of a good cause as it has helped the country to stay afloat above surging challenges. The future of the move seems to be no different as the party will have to employ the same tactics of changing with the changes. And more complex will be the future non traditional issues on security like having to deal with separatists, drug traffickers, smugglers, cross-boarder criminal acts, ecologic and environmental issues.Conclusion Globalization has been reported to be the force behind the robust economic growth in China as industrialization also took a centre stage in the country. But it is the imbalance in the international systems and national economies that are causing negative effects of the force. The financial crisis is not attributed to globalization and neither will it be the last straw to hit globalization, the government of China and all other world leaders should come up with mechanisms to coordinate the world market to strengthen their exemption to crises.Globalization tries to act like blanket of neutrality over the international capital flow and power relations. The successes that the nation is enjoying now area as a result of ancient liberalization and the move should never be dropped, for it is the only way to keep China and the rest of the world abreast as they ward off economic pitfalls. The programs which are meant to reduce the pathetic situation of the disadvantaged in the society should not only be meant to accelerate economic growth, but also help these individuals.

Professional Ethics of Detectives Essay Example for Free

Professional ethics of scouts try onCriminal Justice C atomic number 18ers foundation be very exciting but too a idle note. Detective is one that interests me more. Detective went through intensive trainings. The profession requires Diplomas from high school institution they came from. It is also required that they take courses in English, Science, Mathematics, Social Sciences and Physical Education. Skills in foreign languages, journalism, and typing are also essential. M any(prenominal) of the patrol departments require one or two years of college coursework particularly in integrity, criminology and guard science. Most natural law emissarys were trained for six weeks up to several months, depending on the program they are attending. Those who successfully completed the training program will probably be assigned to research workers craft permanently. They may be asked to take refresher courses consecutively to update their abilities and techniques. Since many pri vate spys were former police tecs, almost their education, skill and training requirements are similar to police detectives. Private detectives also acquired skills on the job from experienced private detectives.In rough states, private detectives are required to acquit valid clear and participate in particular(prenominal)ly systematized intensive training programs. Each state asks for a firearm permit. Detective is in charge for crime investigations and pr neverthelesstion. He is also trained to solve crimes against people and their properties. He tail assembly work for police departments or choose to be employed by a business sure and institution.Detectives advise perform well through their highly specialized techniques and communication apparatuses that are technologys products. Detectives in any Police Departments are tasks to remark criminals actions, produce sources of information, and be in assistance in arresting criminals. They frequently work in civilian clothe s, black robes, sunglasses, wearing huts to undercover themselves and also for protection of their lives. When on duty, they go to locations or places where the criminal often stay for the purpose of getting enough information of the suspects activities, people who meld with him and his moves.For example, detective that is assigned in a gambling case spend his time at the suspects positron emission tomography clubs and bars, he acts as if he is also gambler and tries to learn as much as attainable about the case. A detective may also find informers also witnesses from the neighborhood who might have information about the suspect. After gathering substantial evidences against the suspect, the detectives can now arrest the criminal with the serve up of police force. Other detectives who work for private agencies or individual client are often former police officers. Some of them were trained by the private agencies themselves. Private investigators collect information from police sources.They observe suspects and interview witnesses but they cannot arrest. Detectives work may be very rewarding, routine, safe or dangerous, depend on their assignments. For example, a police detective who investigates in drugs scandals may be exposed to the threat of physical strength or even death.Detectives often work in unstable hours and they even work during night, weekends and holidays. Their salaries differ from some other depend on locations, experiences, and the assigned responsibilities or tasks. In 2004, the median wage of a private detective is $32,110 per year while a police detective is $53,990 per year. Experienced detectives have special benefits such as pensions, life and health insurance, and payments during their leave or vacation.Lawyers and other private companies hire detectives to search information for judicature trials and to investigations including the passing of bad checks, and other penal matters. Many insurance institutions also hire private de tective to investigate insurance claims and dilemmas. Parents may hire them to search for their lost children. On the other hand, Private detective work as bodyguard for people who are in psycheal danger particularly special witnesses and politicians as well. Store detectives are in charge to investigate against customer shoplifting and dishonest employees. A bouncer ensures that order is served in restaurants, night bars, and other places of entertainment. House detectives, also known as hotel detectives are task to protect patrons from unexpected troubles and troublemakers.Detectives have their own Code of Ethics to follow. This Code is highly base in our Moral Rights and Conducts. Honesty and Integrity is its center. They have to give their full fidelity and sincerity to their client. all in all investigations should be legal, moral and professionally ethical. Preserving their clients confidence in all circumstances is also their duty as long as it is not contrary to criminal law.They must counsel their clients against any unethical and illegal course of action. A detective should also cooperate with the government and make sure that all their employees hold fast to their code of ethics. He must retain his good reputation as well as his dude investigators and professional associates. Some Ethical dilemmas are the officers misuse of his official position for expected or even actual incentive or gain, including opportunities and engaging in different forms of occupational deviance.Two of the most curious ethical standards of a detective are his honesty and good reputation. Cheating is one potential social dilemma specific to this line of work that the code of ethics is meant to discourage. Since nobody is assigned to watch detectives trading operations they tend to move slow in order to take gain from their clients. As a result, some of the criminal cases are hanged.Another dilemma is distortion of truth when ask to testify in a court. Some hold specia l evidences to prove the suspect guilty. For, example, if the detective investigates someone who is politically powerful, this influential person can pay the detective to hide the truth. They also sometimes use brutality in accomplishment of goods, money and even power. As an economic man, people tend to do their job better when condition money as their reward. Detectives should firmly stand as saviors and source of truths of the people and the government.The unethical activities of one detective might cause the public to condemn other investigative agencies and other detectives. This would be a bastard generalization. Huge majority of private investigators or private detective agencies operate with utmost respect for the law and strict in abiding the code of ethics.In a study entitled Perceptions of Ethical Dilemmas do by a group of people including Dr. McGrath, stated through a survey the twenty unethical behaviors of a professional found in the field of Criminal Justice. The s tudy showed that many detectives sleep during their working(a) hours. Instead of searching information and watching for the every move of the criminal, they spend their time in entertainments.The decisiveness of this study stated clearly that police officers views on unethical behaviors are related to their rank and continuance of time in the service. Those that are considered pioneers are more into disobeying the code. This data is somewhat intertwined into corruption. It is also possible that this can highly affect serious judgments of greater emphasis on ethical issues that now occurs in police training.Nevertheless, these study also emphasized that there is a need for strict implementation of the Code of Ethics from this high level positions. Any career from criminal justice requires true and reliable professional. This will more often than not determine how clean ones government is. They are also a great do in maintaining the order and peace in the society. Any disobedience in the Code of Ethics can immediately affect the societys stability of good morale. Those who are in highest ranks must be loyal to the code and stand as models to their associates.ReferencesWoody, Todd. (May 29, 2000), DNA Detectives, retrieved on February 7, 2008,from http//www.theindustrystandard.comBufill, Jose A. (November 28, 2003), Ethical Dilemmas at the Beginning of Death,retrieved on February 7, 2008), from http//www.illinoisrighttolife.org/EthicalDilemmasDefiningDeath.htmHuon, Gail F., Hesketh, Beryl L., Frank, Mark G.,Frank,McConkey, Kevin M., and Dr McGrath, G. M. (1995), PERCEPTIONS OF ETHICAL DILEMMAS, retrieved on February 7, 2008, from http//www.acpr.gov.au/pdf/ACPR125_1.pdf

Assessment Tool Essay Example for Free

judging Tool attempt Assessment is an ongoing process that includes collecting, synthesizing and interpreting in fashionation about pupils, the classroom and their instruction. Testing is one form of assessment that, appropriately applied, systematic every(prenominal)y meas- ures skills such(prenominal) as literacy and numeracy. While it does non provide a oblige out picture, rendering is an important tool, for both its efficiency and ability to measure prescribed bodies of knowledge. Alternative or bona fide forms of assess- ment can be cultur all in ally sensitive and pose an alternative to test, but they require a big investment in establishing criteria forjudging development and training evaluators. Child assessment has value that goes well beyond measuring progress in children to evaluating programs, identifying staff development needs and planning future instruction. The girlisher the child, the to a greater extent difficult it is to obtain valid assessments .Early develop- ment is rapid, episodic and highly influenced by experience. Performance on an assessment is moved(p) by childrens emotional states and the conditions of the assessment. Policy Recommendations Require that measures included in an assess- ment be selected by qualified professionalsto ensure that they argon reliable, valid and appropriate for the children being assessed. Develop systems of analyses so that test advance atomic number 18 interpreted as part of a broader assessment that may include observations, portfolios, or ratings from teachers and/or p arnts. Base policy decisions on an evaluation of data that reflects all aspects of childrens development cognitive, emotional, social, and physical. Involve teachers and parents in the assess- ment process so that childrens behaviors and abilities can be understood in various context of uses and cooperative relationships among families and schooltime staff can befostered. Provide training for early childhood teachers and administrators to understand and inter- pret standardized tests and separate measures of learning and development. Emphasize precautions specific to the assessment of young children. NIEER Assessment of preschool-age children who may not reliably or uniformly respond to inquiry has been the subject of much debate. The growing emphasis on testing young children as a means of holding programs accountable for their learning has intensified the discussion. Though there are legitimate concerns regarding standardized testing, it and other forms of assessment are necessarycomponents of all high-quality early education programs. mightily conceived assessments are important to understanding and sup- porting young childrens development. They are also essential to documenting and evaluating how effectively programs are meeting young childrens educational needs. For assessments to be effective, they must be practical, cost-efficient and meet commonsensical standards of efficiency and validity. Testing usually involves a series of direct requests for children to perform, within a set tot of time, specific tasks designed and portion outed by adults. These tasks run by dint of predetermined answers.Alternative forms of assessment are more open-ended and often look at performance over an extended fulfilment. Examples include structured observations, portfolio analyses of individual and cooperative work, and teacher and parent ratings of childrens behavior. What Can Be Learned Assessment can provide the succeeding(a) four faces of study for and about children and their parents, teachers and programs Screen children to see if they need interventionparticularly when par- ents and teachers suspect a problem. Plan instruction for individuals and groups of children. Identify program improvement and staff development needs. Evaluate how well a program is meet- ing goals and needs for children. Data should be aggregated to determine whether desired outcomes are being achieved. why Assessment is Important Preschool Policy Facts Assessment is the process of collecting, synthesizing and interpreting information to aid classroom decision- devising. It includes information gathered about pupils, instruction and classroom climate. Testing is a formal, systematic procedure for gathering a sample of pupils behavior. The results of a test are used to make generalizations about how pupils would have performed on uniform but untested behaviors. Peter Airasian, Assessment in the Classroom 2 The quality of an assessment depends in part on decisions made before any meas- ure is administered to a child. Project designers should be able to apologise why specific measures are used and what they hope to learn from the results. Assess- ment strategies can be formal (standard- ized testing) or informal (observation, portfolios, teacher and parent ratings). The selection of a strategy is guided by the purposes and goals of the assess- ment and is also affected by the useable resources in terms of time, money and staff.Formal and informal assessmentstrategies each have strengths and weak- nesses. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment requires a multi-method approach in order to encompass the many dimensions of childrens skills and abilities. Standardized Testing Most rigid of assessment strategies, places the greatest constraints on chil- drens behavior. Considered objective, time- and cost-efficient, and suitable for making quantitative comparisons of aggregated data across groups. Preschoolers performance is highly influenced by childrens emotional states and experiences, sometimes causing unstable scores over time.Most individual tests of cognitiveability must be administered in a controlled, relatively quiet area. Observations Intrude minimally into childrens activities, which naturally comprise all dimension of development intellectual, motivational, social, physical, aesthetic, etc. Should be used to complete develop- me ntal scales of proven reliability and validity, they are not sufficient alone.Portfolios Involve multiple sources and methods of data collection, and occur over a representative period of time. A collection of student work, the process provides richer information than standardized tests. Encourage collaboration betweenstudents, teachers, and parents and integrate assessment with instruction and learning.Teacher Ratings Can be used to assess childrens cogni- tive and language abilities as well as social and emotional development. Can be specifically related to other types of assessments, including stan- dardized test scores, other validated assessment tools, or global assessments of childrens traits. Parent Ratings Encourage parents to observe and take heed to their children. Inform parents about the important behaviors and milestones in young childrens development and allows teachers to involve parents as partnersin assessment.Assessment Methods Preschool Policy Facts 3 Issue s and positions involving assessment are summarized in a document from the National association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education (NAECS/SDE) coroneted Early Childhood Curriculum, Assessment and Program Evaluation Building an Effective, Accountable System in Programs for Children consume through Age 8.Given the pervasive use of testing and its probable expansion, when and under what conditions can this type of assessment be used appropriately with preschool-agechildren? What characteristics of tests and their administration will guarantee that we do no accidental injury to children and that we do help adults acquire valid informa- tion? Also, given that even the most well-designed tests can provide only(prenominal) limited data, how can we maximize the use of non-test assessments so they add valuable information beyond that obtained through standardized testing procedures? To produce meaningful data and minimize the risk of creating a harmful situation, all assessment tools for preschool-age children, whether formal or informal, should satisfy the following criteria Assessment should not threaten childrens self-esteem, make them feel they have failed, or penalize them for what they do not know. Information should be obtained over time, or if time-distributed measurements are not feasible, unusual circumstances in the situation (e. g. , noise) or child (e. g. , fatigue) should be mention to avoid invalid, single-encounter results. Information should be obtained on the same content area from multiple and diverse sources, such as standardized tests, classroom observations and parent ratings, especially when repeated instances of data gathering are not feasible. The length of the assessment should be sensitive to young childrens interests and attention spans and therefore should probably not exceed 35-45 minutes. Testing for purposes of program accounta bility should be administered to a representative sample of students whenever feasible to boil down the overall time spent in testing and to minimize the chances for placing undue stress on children and commove on teachers and classrooms. Reliable and Valid Preschool Assessment To be reliable and valid, standardized testing should Contain sufficiency items to allow scores to represent this diverse range of indi-vidual ability, in order to identify and distinguish among children of low, ordinary and high levels of ability. Take place in a controlled environment that at least approximates the condi- tions experienced by the population on which the measure was standardized. Be administered by appropriately trained examiners who are familiar with testing materials and procedures and with working with young children.To obtain scores that resemble natural performance, informal assessments should Take place in or simulate the natural environment in which the behavior being evaluated occurs to avoid meas-uring the childs response to an artifi- cial environment rather than the childs ability to perform on the content. Be conducted by an assessor who is knowledgeable regarding the assess- ment materials and familiar with the children being assessed. When an outside researcher or evaluator must administer the assessment, it is best if the individual spends time in the classroom beforehand. Measure real knowledge in the context of real activities, resembling childrens ordinary activities as closely as possible. In addition, parent or teacher ratings should evaluate naturally occurringbehavior. Be conducted as a natural part of daily activities rather than as a time-added or pullout activity. This fact sheet is based on the policy brief Preschool AssessmentA Guide to Developing a Balanced Approach by Ann S. Epstein, Lawrence J. Schweinhart, Andrea DeBruin-Parecki and Kenneth B. Robin. The brief includes full references and is available at www. nieer. org. It was ma de possible by the generous support of The Pew Charitable Trusts. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Preschool Policy Facts.

Self-esteem and Teen Girl Flips Essay Example for Free

Self-esteem and Teen Girl Flips strainSixteen year old Fathima looks at herself in the mirror. She studies her body along with her face and trimks she is extremely ugly. She looks at the television and a popular eminence appears on the screen with a charming face and body. She comp ars that mortal to how she looks. She says to herself, Why am I so ugly? Why am I so plummet? I want to be beautiful Good day to one and all. My topic for today Celebrities and how they impress on teenagers lives. Living in a technological era, we strike access to the tabloids more than ever before. in that respect are television sets, magazine covers, Internet blogs, and movies screaming to be read and watched. When a life of parties, short-run relationships, drugs, and alcohol are leading celebrities same(p) Britney, Paris, and Justin to spiral out of control, you would think that their lifestyle is not ideal. But, fans of these stars disagree. Now, in an age where we have more contact with celebrity gossip than we have ever had, we are go about with a question what are the effects that superstars have on our youth? . Every day at that place are more and more stories and pictures on the Internet of the illicit activities of celebrities.Teens see these people partying, drinking alcohol or doing drugs, and they think they should too. This sends the message to teens that in order to have fun or be cool, you have to use these substances. Teens may begin to think that it is no big deal, and this bum cause serious problems leading to drug and alcohol addictions, risk-taking behaviors, and even death. The use and abuse of drugs and alcohol is not the only dangerous celebrity influence for teens. Some of the most common problems that occur are issues with self-esteem for teens, especially teen girls.When a teen girl flips through her favourite fashion magazine, she is inundated with pictures and articles revolving around the erroneous belief that celebrities are perfe ct. The air-brushed pictures, workout and diet tips, and pin-thin models bear cause body images issues for teens. In trying to nock themselves look like the pictures that they see, teens can cause real damage to their bodies. Working out too much or not eating enough can lead to an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia. many a(prenominal) teens are like Fathima are strongly affected by celebrities.Popular celebrities are always shown on the covers of magazines and on television for teens to view. They look glamorous and beautiful, causing teens to want to be like them. Many teenagers look up to these role models but most of these popular beauties affect teens negatively. They go through extreme measures to become thin and are afraid of gaining weight. Teens also think that by becoming thin they will look beautiful and become popular. Many teens have low self esteem and become quickly swayed by the celebrities looks.So many times they forget that they are beautiful the way they are. They want to look perfect. Either their wind is too big or theyre not skinny enough. These small imperfections cause teens to look at the celebrities and enviousness them. They strive to lose that extra kilos, but end up losing more than enough. If something cannot be done to make that tiny imperfection better, it leads to dangers, such as suicide. Teens should appreciate the way they look already and be grateful. Many children who face hardship and live with poverty arent even able to look cool if they wanted to. term it is almost impossible to completely remove any negative celebrity influence from your life, you can change magnitude the effects of celebrities and the media by seeking out positive role models in real life who you can aspire to be like. Try to find people who exhibit qualities you would like to have, such as honesty, optimism and perseverance. It can also be helpful to try to take the focus off of your appearance as much as possible. Remember, that yo u are not defined by what you look like. What really makes up a someone is how you act and treat other people. Thank you.

An Unfortunate Influence and Its Tragic Outcome Essay Example for Free

An Unfortunate solve and Its Tragic Outcome EssayIn every persons life in that respect argon many factors that occur throughout, both negative and positive plays that alter the path one chooses. In the manhood renowned play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the tragic outcome is brought closely by the lovers trusted friend, friar Lawrence. To nonplus with, beggar Lawrence is to cursed for setting the events into motion by marrying Romeo and Juliet. Then, friar Lawrence is responsible for Juliet receiving the potion that causes everyone to believe that she is truly dead. Finally, mendicant Lawrence could have prevented the two deaths by simply making sure that Romeo gets the message as he assure Juliet he would. So ultimately, mendicant Lawrence is responsible for the star crossed lovers demise, because they wrongly trust the mendicant and his influence causes Romeo and Juliet to make all the wrong decisions thus bringing about their ruining.Before any tragic incidents actually occur in the play, beggar Lawrence sets the entire series of unfortunate events into motion by secretly marrying Romeo and Juliet. When Romeo number one arrives at the beggars electric cell to declare the love he now feels for Juliet, Friar Lawrence this instant notes how foolish Romeo is existence, for and the day before he had been so in love with Rosaline and devastated that she did not decease that love. Friar Lawrence says, Is Rosaline, that kelvin didst love so dear, / So soon forsaken? And art thou changd? declaim this sentence then / Women may fall, when theres no strength in men (2.3.66-80). Friar Lawrence right away states that it is ridiculous that Rosaline, with whom Romeo was borderline obsessed, has already been replaced with a girl in a reckon of days. However, Friar Lawrence then blatantly turns around and contradicts what he says about Romeo behaving foolishly, by agreeing to marry Romeo and Juliet. Friar Lawrence agrees saying, In on e respect Ill thy assistant be. / For this alliance may so happy prove, / To turn your households cheekiness to pure love (2.3.90-92). Friar Lawrence agrees to secretly wed Romeo and Juliet despite what he says earlier about the proposal. Friar Lawrence could have easily prevented the tragedy if he had just gone with his first instincts. However, he sees the opportunity to seal off the feuding between the Capulets and Montagues and jumps at it to become the big hero, therefore making him selfish and positive as rise as a bad influence. Friar Lawrence sets Romeo and Juliets deaths into motion the second he agrees to Romeos plan, and in doing so Friar Lawrence is to blame for the un sentencely deaths of Romeo and Juliet.Not only does Friar Lawrence trigger Romeo and Juliets demise, he also continues the chain of tragic decisions by giving Juliet the sleeping potion that leads Romeo to kill himself. When Juliet broadens to Friar Lawrences cell in utter desperation, he should have interpreted the time to advise her against such drastic measures and dish out her make the responsible choice where Romeo is concerned. Instead, Friar Lawrence hands her a sleeping potion that provide create the partiality of death for the drinkerTake thou this vial, being then in bed,And this distilling liquor drink thou off,Now when the bridegroom in the morning comesTo rouse thee from thy bed, there art thou dead (4.1.93-108).Friar Lawrence assures Juliet that everything will be okay and the potion will work in tricking her parents and Paris into believing she is truly dead. He places the vial in her hand and does not do anything to prevent Juliet from making this fatal decision. Friar Lawrence just continues to reassure Juliet by saying, And hither shall he come, and he and I /Will watch thy waking, and that very shadow / Shall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua (4.1.115-117). Friar Lawrence promises Juliet that word of their plans will reach Romeo and when she wakes from her s leep-like trance, Romeo will be there to run away with her to Mantua. Friar Lawrence just keeps on telling Juliet that it will all work out fine, without pausing to conceive of about all the possible risk of infections and side effects that may come from drinking the vial. Again, Friar Lawrence is being irresponsible and rash, holding two teens lives in his hands. Friar Lawrence gets carried away and swept up in Romeo and Juliets twisted fantasy and helps Juliet make a foolish decision that helps bring about the lovers demise. Therefore, Friar Lawrence is to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.Even after all the irresponsible choices Friar Lawrence makes throughout the play, he still could prevent the tragic outcome by simply making sure that Romeo receives word of honor of the Friars and Juliets plan. But alas, Friar Lawrence does not quest for through and assure that the messenger arrives soundly in Mantua. One of the main reasons Juliet is able to take the potion withou t many concerns or worries is because she thinks that when she wakes in the monument, Romeo will be there to whisk her away with him. When Juliet is confused and in a highly vulnerable state, Friar Lawrence hands her the vial saying, In the mean time, against thou shalt awake, / Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift (4.1.113-114). Friar Lawrence tells Juliet that while they wait for her to awake, Romeo will receive a letter informing him of their plans. However, the messenger Friar Lawrence sends, Friar John, never makes it to Romeo and by the time Friar Lawrence actually finds out, he knows that a great mistake has taken place and danger is going to ensueUnhappy fortune By my brotherhood,The letter was not courteous merely full of charge,Of dear import, and the neglecting itMay do much danger (5.3.17-20).Friar Lawrence finally realizes the danger that Romeo and Juliet face. He understands that something terrible may happen because the information never reaches Romeo. However, it is too late by the time he arrives at the monument and Romeo, who received false information from Balthasar, is already lying dead beside his brainchild wife. When Juliet does officially wake, she is devastated to see her loving Romeo dead, and desperate to be with him again. Instead of calming Juliet down and bringing her to safety, Friar Lawrence selfishly runs away when he hears the Watch coming. He leaves a desperate teenage girl there to stab herself and be with her Romeo for eternity. The incident with the letter leads Romeo to commit suicide and subsequently have Juliet kill herself to be with Romeo. The Friar does not make sure that the letter reaches Romeo and two premature deaths occur instead, conclusively exit Friar Lawrence to blame.Friar Lawrence is a trusted friend and confident of Romeo and Juliet, yet he negatively influences the two lovers and guides them down a wrong path ending with a double suicide. Friar Lawrence triggers the start of the downfall by irrat ionally agreeing to wed Romeo and Juliet. Friar Lawrence then gives Juliet bad counsel and advises her to make a blasting decision the second he places the vial of sleeping potion into her palm. Friar Lawrence still could evade the entire tragedy, but inadvertently breaks his promise to Juliet and never assures that the letter makes it to Romeo in Mantua. The star crossed lovers downfall is caused by the irresponsible and selfish Friar Lawrence because if Romeo and Juliet had not gone to Friar Lawrence for counsel and advice, they would not have been encouraged to follow through with their foolish fantasy and lived. The love between Romeo and Juliet was genuine, and the pain they felt when they heard of the others death was real. Knowing that one person, especially someone as close to them as Friar Lawrence, is to blame for the tragic ending is horrible and tragic in itself, because if Friar Lawrence had just thought through his actions Romeo and Juliet expertness have lived a long and happy life together.

US Entry into Vietnam Essay Example for Free

US Entry into Vietnam searchEvery American president basically regarded the enemy in Vietnam, whether the Vietminh, the National Liberation Front in the 60s and the government of Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam, as agents of global communism (Rotter 1999, p 1). US policymakers and most Americans conceived of communism as the opposite of what they stood for. communists opposed democracy, violated human rights, conducted military attacks and formed closed-state economies, which did non trade with capitalist countries. They loathed communism like a contagious disease.When the Communist Party rose to fountain in China in 1949, the US government in Washington feared that Vietnam would fall into the hands of communists. This was the author why the administration of US chair Harry Truman decided to s arrest aid to the french who were thus fighting the Vietminh in 1950 (Smitha 2005, p 2). Earlier in May, 1945, the Truman administration approved the resumption of Frances compound au thority in Indochina in the hope that France would fight communism in Vietnam.The Viet Minh, a movement take by Ho Chi Minh, a veteran communist, resisted the French regime in Vietnam. At the end of the war, the Viet Minh announced Vietnams independence of foreign rule. But the Truman administration and the Allied powers did not want the Vietnamese to be independent. The war between the French and the Viet Minh then began in December 1946. The US sided with the French in Vietnam for the sake of fighting communism in Europe and Indochina and sent financial and material support to the French to overthrow Ho Chi Minhs government in Vietnam (Rotter p 5, Smitha pp 16-17).President Truman supported the French also in the hope of helping them build and reinforce non-Communist nations whose fate depended to a large close on the preservation of Vietnam (Rotter 2005, Smitha 1999). He saw that a free world in the region would aerofoil markets for Japan, The affair of the US in Vietnam like wise assured the British of the revival of the rubber and tin industries in Malaya, a neighbor of Vietnam. With US help, the French could move on with efforts at economic recovery at home and ultimately retrieve their military forces from Indochina to oversee the rearmament of West Germany.These were the perceived deep-seated motivations of US involvement in Vietnam (Rotter, Smitha). After the invasion of South Korea by North Korea in 1950, Secretary of State doyen Acheson convinced President Truman to increase US assistance to the French (Smitha 2005). The US also recognized Frances puppet king, Bao Dai, in Vietnam, only to be replaced later (Smitha, p 9). Step by step, the US entered into the remainder for these goals, which gradually waned and were forgotten. What later developed was a tendency against withdrawing from Vietnam itself (Smitha, p 10).When the Vietnamese Nationalist Vietminh army win over the French at Dienbienphu in 1954, the French were forced to accept the crea tion of a Communist Vietnam north of the 17th parallel and leaving a non-Communist side in the south (Rotter 1999, p 2). because US President Dwight Eisenhower rejected the arrangement. Instead, he endeavored to set up a government there to hand-to-hand struggle control from the French, sent military advisers to train a South Vietnamese army, and operate the Central apprehension Agency to stage a psychological warfare against North Vietnam (Rotter).In his address at the Gettysburg College, Eisenhower pointed to Vietnam as a free but poor and underdeveloped country with a weak economy where the comely individual income was less than $200 a year (1959, pp 96-97). The northern part of Vietnam was taken over by communists. He stressed that South Vietnam needed assistance in self-defense and economic growth. The people of Vietnam precious to thrive and to become self-sufficient. For Vietnam to expand economically, it would need to acquire capital and for this to happen, it should be freed from outside hostility and hugger-mugger investments should be established to infuse capital.Otherwise, it should be given outside loans and grants from more fortunate countries. He exclamatory that Vietnams freedom should first be insured and then its economic problem would be solved. In addition, the military forces in Vietnam also needed support without affecting or destroying the economy of Vietnam. He warrant the ride outd existence of US military forces in Vietnam because of the closeness of Communist military forces in the north. He also said that while Communist guerrillas had been substantially contained, the remaining ones continued to disrupt the overall conditions of the nation.He emphasized the need to equally provide sufficient moral support to the troops so that they would continue to have the hope, confidence and pride needed to ward off the threats of aggressions from within and without the borders Upon his assumption as President in 1952, US aid to the Fr ench in Vietnam increased and reached 80% in two old age time (Smitha 2005). In 1954, Bao Dai was replaced by Ngo Dinh Diem. But the French disliked Diem, a nationalist who stood away during the struggle for independence from the French.He was a courageous, honest and persistent, but he was also inept and he was not popular with ordinary people. He was surrounded by relatives and friends and did not establish close relationships with local anesthetic leaders and groups in the South. His forces in the rural areas were feared and hated. His strategic hamlet program relocated peasants into communities, surrounded by barbed wire to separate them from the guerillas. They did not like their new hamlets (Smitha, p 14). At a tidings conference on the steel crisis during his term, US President John F.Kennedy contrasted those Americans fighting for freedom in Vietnam with executives who pursue private power and profits beyond a sense of public responsibility (Bostdorff and Goldzwig 1994). While recognizing the brilliance of the steel controversy, he re-emphasized the value of the US mission in Vietnam. Whenever he had the chance, he restated the nations moral commitment. His morally-grounded idealistic rhetoric gained him definite advantages. His arguments made him sound tough and pleased those with an equally hardline position against communism in Southeast Asia.He could also use these arguments to justify and support his policies, such as when Congress threatened to reduce foreign aid. He insisted that foreign aid was an all-or-nothing proposition because principles were at stake. He pressed that Congress could provide all the aid he believed should be given or Congress must assume the responsibility and culpability in the event of a victory of socialism and the defeat of freedom in those nations at risk. He maintained that representatives and senators must make policy finish in the light of the larger moral consequences to which these policies would inevitabl y lead.At the Economic Club of New York in 1962, he commented that Vietnam would instantaneously collapse if the US did not assist it. He consistently presented and idealistically argued that Vietnam as the meshing or a battle of principles and urged all citizens to commit themselves to an all-out support to that commitment. If they did not, they would then have to assemble for a communist victory, which would negate and destroy the cause of freedom all over the world (Bostdorff and Goldzwig).Frances Charles de Gaulle warned President Kennedy that the US would sink into a bottomless quagmire in Vietnam, no matter how such(prenominal) money was spent on it and how many men were sent to it (Smitha 2005, p 10). The President increased the deed of advisors to help the Diem regime in 1961, until he realized that the battle had to be won by the Vietnamese themselves, not by Americans. He was aware of Diems unpopularity and that Diem would fail to rally in the South in the fight agains t the communists.The time came when it decided to find an alternative to Diem and connived with his generals to overthrow him (Smitha, pp 13-15). BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Bostdorff, Denise and , Steven. Idealism and Pragmatism in American Foreign Policy. New York Presidential Studies Quarterly. Vol 24 Issue 3, 1994 2. Rotter, Andrew J. The Causes of the Vietnam War. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. New York Oxford University Press, 1999. http//www. english. uuc. edu/maps/vietnam/causes. htm 3. Smitha, frankfurter E. The United States and Vietnam. Macrohistory, 2005. http//www. smitha. com/h2/ch26. htm